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Abstract: The essay highlights aspects concerning the relationships between the Madrilenian court and the Holy See around the middle of the seventeenth century. The discussion is centered around the Jansenist movement and the search for connections between Rome and Spain, especially those close to the central figure of Fabio Chigi (Alexander VII, 1655-1667). Some aspects of the discussions about probabilism and, more generally, about the relationship between human «free will» and «grace» are also considered. Lastly, it is possible to read between the lines some standpoints peculiar to the debates about the definition of the Petrine role considered both as a judgement authority (such as in Jansism) and as Church authority (such as in the controversies over the definition of the Petrine role) and finally as an authority among political authorities.