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Abstract: The censorship of Elucidarium Deiparae by the Jesuit Poza (1629) was one of the most controversial cases in the Spanish and the Papal Inquisition Courts. The long treaty, which appeared in 1626, promoted the idea of the Immaculate Conception on the grounds of medical evidence and theological arguments that were rejected by the Roman tribunal. While the tension between the papacy and Spain under Olivares, who protected Poza, grew, political strife was also played out through conflicts between the different religious orders, between the University of Salamanca and the Jesuit colleges and between the Jesuit general and the Iberian members of the order. Poza denied violently that the Index Congregation had any right whatsoever to suppress free theological discussion and to impose its decisions on Spanish authors. However, the prohibition to read his writings and pamphlets ultimately contributed to the emergence of the black anti-Jesuit legend. This article reconstructs the different steps of the Roman censorship and tries to answer a question asked by Poza himself: to what extent did the seventeenth century Catholic Church allow for the invention of a new theology?