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Abstract: The identification of those signs capable of distinguishing the «true» Church of God has constituted a strategic theological theme in the dispute between Catholics and Protestants. Oratorian Tommaso Bozio’s De Signis Ecclesiae Dei (1592) thus represents a notable example of the post-Tridentine controversialist ecclesiolgy, conceived in the Rome of the Counter Reformation as a form of militant theology against heresy, to defend Catholic orthodoxy and aspiring to present itself as the theology of the Papal Magisterium. The article analyses the signa of the universality and of the Roman nature of the Catholic Church, of the primacy of the Roman Pontifex, source and foundation for any further spiritual and temporal power, and the signa of the felicitas temporalis of the Spanish Monarchy as evidence of its total historical adherence to the Ecclesia Dei. The article also describes how Spanish jurist Solórzano Pereira, inspired by Bozio’s treatise, in his De Indiarum Iure (1629), radically reinterprets this use of a «theology of signs» to affirm the universality and supreme power of Spain’s Monarchy.