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Abstract: This article provides a survey of the urban development of Rome in the three decades following the Second World War and of the relative historiographical debate. It illustrates the huge demographic growth and building expansion that profoundly changed the nature and urban landscape of the Italian capital. Both council housing and private building initiatives are considered, as well as the widespread phenomenon of unauthorized building. Attention is also given to the development plans and the town-planning policies implemented by the municipal administration, as well as to the latter’s relationships with landowners and private developers. A specific section deals with the problems arising in areas, such as housing, utilities, services and transport. Furthermore, the main interpretations of the urban development proposed both by contemporary observers and subsequently by scholars are presented. In addition, some topics that would deserve further research are suggested.