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Abstract: Navigation on the Tiber below Rome from the unification to post World War II From the second half of the nineteenth century when the necessity for protection from flooding, the use of the river for purposes other than navigation and the increasing competition of road and railway transportation became evident, the Tiber as a means of transport began its inevitable decline. However, this did not occur all at once, but rather as a gradual process that included periods of recovery. In fact, it took almost a century before fluvial navigation ceased to be an integral aspect of local transport. The vicissitudes of navigation on the Tiber in its last decades intersect those of the 1st industrial zone and the Ostia Port and follow the same trajectory. They also served as a proving ground for confrontation among scholars, experts and engineers in their search for solutions to make the Tiber adequate to the commercial needs of Rome.