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Abstract: The essay analyses the papal project for the Janiculum branch of the Paolo aqueduct through the transformations it induced in the urban fabric and in its relationship with all the parties involved, with a focus on the conflicts between public and private. In 1610 the Camera Apostolica expropriated land situated at the foot of the Janiculum belonging to the Capitoline curator Giulio Cesare Pandino declaring that it would be used for the construction of the fountain of the Acqua Paola with its cisterns and conduits and the creation of a public piazza. While the fountain was actually constructed higher up, at the top of the ascent to Porta San Pancrazio, the new piazza with the «botte delle fistole» below San Pietro in Montorio (now known as the «botte di S. Maria dei Sette Dolori») became an important venue of the life of the portion of the city below the Janiculum. Several private parties, especially the Orsini and Savelli families who were among the main beneficiaries, contributed to extend the water distribution system from the camerale cistern, constructing their private conduits.